Icrosoftmay Esearchray dRMay alktay Cory Doctorow cory@eff.org Unejay 17, 2004 Isthay alktay asway originallyyay ivengay otay Icrosoft'smay Esearchray Oupgray andyay otheryay interestedyay artiespay omfray ithinway ethay ompanycay atyay eirthay Edmondray officesyay onyay Unejay 17, 2004. -- Anonicalcay ersionvay ofyay isthay alktay (ostmay ecentray exttay ithway orrectionscay, additionsyay, andyay istlay ofyay ownknay alternateyay ersionsvay): http://craphound.com/msftdrm.txt -- Eetingsgray ellowfay iratespay! Arrrrryay! I'myay erehay odaytay otay alktay otay youay aboutyay opyrightcay, echnologytay andyay dRMay, Iyay orkway orfay ethay Electronicyay Ontierfray Oundationfay onyay opyrightcay uffstay (ostlymay), andyay Iyay ivelay inyay Ondonlay. I'myay otnay ayay awyerlay -- I'myay ayay indkay ofyay outhpiecemay/activistyay ypetay, oughthay occasionallyyay eythay aveshay emay andyay uffstay emay intoyay ymay Arbay Itzvahmay uitsay andyay endsay emay otay ayay andardsstay odybay oryay ethay UNyay otay irstay upyay oubletray. Iyay endspay aboutyay eethray eeksway ayay onthmay onyay ethay oadray oingday ompletelycay eirdway uffstay ikelay oinggay otay Icrosoftmay otay alktay aboutyay dRMay. Iyay eadlay ayay oubleday ifelay: I'myay alsoyay ayay iencescay ictionfay iterwray. Atthay eansmay I'veyay otgay ayay ogday inyay isthay ightfay, ecausebay I'veyay eenbay eamingdray ofyay akingmay ymay ivinglay omfray itingwray incesay Iyay asway 12 yearsay oldyay. Admittedlyyay, ymay IP-basedyay izbay isn'tyay asyay igbay asyay yoursay, utbay Iyay uaranteegay youay atthay it'syay everyyay itbay asyay importantyay otay emay asyay yoursay isyay otay youay. Ere'shay atwhay I'myay erehay otay onvincecay youay ofyay: 1. Atthay dRMay ystemssay on'tday orkway 2. Atthay dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay ocietysay 3. Atthay dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay usinessbay 4. Atthay dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay artistsyay 5. Atthay dRMay isyay ayay adbay usiness-movebay orfay mSFTay It'syay ayay igbay iefbray, isthay alktay. Icrosoftmay ashay unksay ayay otlay ofyay apitalcay intoyay dRMay ystemssay, andyay entspay ayay otlay ofyay imetay endingsay olksfay ikelay Arthamay andyay Ianbray andyay Eterpay aroundyay otay ariousvay oke-filledsmay oomsray otay akemay uresay atthay Icrosoftmay dRMay indsfay ayay ospitablehay omehay inyay ethay uturefay orldway. Ompaniescay ikelay Icrosoftmay eerstay ikelay oldyay Uicksbay, andyay isthay issueyay ashay ayay otlay ofyay orwardfay omentummay atthay illway ebay ardhay otay oaksay upyay ithoutway ivingdray ethay engineyay ockblay ackbay intoyay ethay iver'sdray ompartmentcay. Atyay estbay Iyay inkthay atthay Icrosoftmay ightmay onvertcay omesay ofyay atthay omentummay onyay dRMay intoyay angularyay omentummay, andyay inyay osay oingday, avesay allyay ouryay assesyay. Et'slay iveday intoyay ityay. -- 1. dRMay ystemssay on'tday orkway Isthay itbay eaksbray ownday intoyay otway artspay: 1. Ayay uickqay efresherray oursecay inyay yptocray eorythay 2. Applyingyay atthay otay dRMay Yptographycray -- ecretsay itingwray -- isyay ethay acticepray ofyay eepingkay ecretssay. Ityay involvesyay eethray artiespay: ayay endersay, ayay eceiverray andyay anyay attackeryay (actuallyyay, erethay ancay ebay oremay attackersyay, enderssay andyay ecipientsray, utbay et'slay eepkay isthay implesay). Eway usuallyyay allcay esethay eoplepay Aliceyay, Obbay andyay Arolcay. Et'slay aysay e'reway inyay ethay aysday ofyay ethay Aesarcay, ethay Allicgay Arway. Youay eednay otay endsay essagesmay ackbay andyay orthfay otay youray eneralsgay, andyay you'day eferpray atthay ethay enemyyay oesn'tday etgay oldhay ofyay emthay. Youay ancay elyray onyay ethay ideayay atthay anyoneyay owhay interceptsyay youray essagemay isyay obablypray illiterateyay, utbay at'sthay ayay oughtay etbay otay akestay youray empireyay onyay. Youay ancay utpay youray essagesmay intoyay ethay andshay ofyay eliableray essengersmay o'llwhay ewchay emthay upyay andyay allowsway emthay ifyay apturedcay -- utbay atthay oesn'tday elphay youay ifyay Adbray Ittpay andyay ishay enmay inyay irtsskay ewerskay imhay ithway anyay arrowyay eforebay ehay owsknay at'swhay ithay imhay. Osay youay encipheryay youray essagemay ithway omethingsay ikelay OT-RAY13, erewhay everyyay aracterchay isyay otatedray alfwayhay oughthray ethay alphabetyay. Eythay usedyay otay oday isthay ithway on-worksafenay aterialmay onyay Usenetyay, ackbay enwhay anyoneyay onyay Usenetyay aredcay aboutyay ork- safe-nessway -- Ayay ouldway ecomebay nay, bay isyay Oyay, cay isyay pay, andyay osay orthfay. Otay ecipherday, youay ustjay addyay 13 oremay, osay nay oesgay otay Ayay, Oyay otay bay yaddaay yaddaay. Ellway, isthay isyay ettypray amelay: asyay oonsay asyay anyoneyay iguresfay outyay youray algorithmyay, youray ecretsay isyay gay0eznay0edray. Osay ifyay you'reay Aesarcay, youay endspay ayay otlay ofyay imetay orryingway aboutyay eepingkay ethay existenceyay ofyay youray essengersmay andyay eirthay ayloadspay ecretsay. Etgay atthay? You'reay Augustusyay andyay youay eednay otay endsay ayay essagemay otay Adbray ithoutway Aceouscay (ayay ordway I'myay eliablyray informedyay eansmay "eese-likechay, oryay ertainingpay otay eesechay") ettinggay ishay andshay onyay ityay. Youay ivegay ethay essagemay otay Iatomaceousday, ethay eetestflay unnerray inyay ethay empireyay, andyay youay encipheryay ityay ithway OT-RAY13 andyay endsay imhay outyay ofyay ethay arrisongay inyay ethay itchestpay ourhay ofyay ethay ightnay, akingmay uresay onay oneyay owsknay atthay you'veay entsay ityay outyay. Aceouscay ashay iesspay everywhereyay, inyay ethay arrisongay andyay akedstay outyay onyay ethay oadray, andyay ifyay oneyay ofyay emthay utspay anyay arrowyay oughthray Iatomaceousday, ey'llthay avehay eirthay andshay onyay ethay essagemay, andyay enthay ifyay eythay igurefay outyay ethay iphercay, you'reay bay0edrkay. Osay ethay existenceyay ofyay ethay essagemay isyay ayay ecretsay. Ethay iphercay isyay ayay ecretsay. Ethay iphertextcay isyay ayay ecretsay. At'sthay ayay otlay ofyay ecretssay, andyay ethay oremay ecretssay you'veay otgay, ethay esslay ecuresay youay areyay, especiallyyay ifyay anyyay ofyay osethay ecretssay areyay aredshay. Aredshay ecretssay aren'tyay eallyray allyay atthay ecretsay anyyay ongerlay. Imetay assespay, uffstay appenshay, andyay enthay Eslatay inventsyay ethay adioray andyay Arconimay akestay editcray orfay ityay. Isthay isyay othbay oodgay ewsnay andyay adbay ewsnay orfay yptocray: onyay ethay oneyay andhay, youray essagesmay ancay etgay otay anywhereyay ithway ayay eceiverray andyay anyay antennayay, ichwhay isyay eatgray orfay ethay avebray ifthfay olumnistscay orkingway ehindbay ethay enemyyay ineslay. Onyay ethay otheryay andhay, anyoneyay ithway anyay antennayay ancay istenlay inyay onyay ethay essagemay, ichwhay eansmay atthay it'syay onay ongerlay acticalpray otay eepkay ethay existenceyay ofyay ethay essagemay ayay ecretsay. Anyyay imetay Adolfyay endssay ayay essagemay otay Erlinbay, ehay ancay assumeyay Urchillchay overhearsyay ityay. Ichwhay isyay OKyay, ecausebay ownay eway avehay omputerscay -- igbay, ulkybay imitivepray echanicalmay omputerscay, utbay omputerscay illstay. Omputerscay areyay achinesmay orfay earrangingray umbersnay, andyay osay ientistsscay onyay othbay idessay engageyay inyay ayay iendishfay ompetitioncay otay inventyay ethay ostmay everestclay ethodmay eythay ancay orfay earrangingray umericallynay epresentedray exttay osay atthay ethay otheryay idesay an'tcay unscrambleyay ityay. Ethay existenceyay ofyay ethay essagemay isn'tyay ayay ecretsay anymoreyay, utbay ethay iphercay isyay. Utbay isthay isyay illstay ootay anymay ecretssay. Ifyay Obbybay interceptsyay oneyay ofyay Adolf'syay Enigmayay achinesmay, ehay ancay ivegay Urchillchay allyay indskay ofyay intelligenceyay. Iyay eanmay, isthay asway oodgay ewsnay orfay Urchillchay andyay usyay, utbay adbay ewsnay orfay Adolfyay. Andyay atyay ethay endyay ofyay ethay ayday, it'syay adbay ewsnay orfay anyoneyay owhay antsway otay eepkay ayay ecretsay. Enteryay eyskay: ayay iphercay atthay usesyay ayay eykay isyay illstay oremay ecuresay. Evenyay ifyay ethay iphercay isyay isclosedday, evenyay ifyay ethay iphertextcay isyay interceptedyay, ithoutway ethay eykay (oryay ayay eakbray), ethay essagemay isyay ecretsay. Ost-warpay, isthay isyay oublyday importantyay asyay eway eginbay otay ealizeray atwhay Iyay inkthay ofyay asyay Eier'sschnay Awlay: "anyyay ersonpay ancay inventyay ayay ecuritysay ystemsay osay everclay atthay eshay oryay ehay an'tcay inkthay ofyay owhay otay eakbray ityay." Isthay eansmay atthay ethay onlyyay experimentalyay ethodologymay orfay iscoveringday ifyay you'veay ademay istakesmay inyay youray iphercay isyay otay elltay allyay ethay artsmay eoplepay youay ancay aboutyay ityay andyay askyay emthay otay inkthay ofyay aysway otay eakbray ityay. Ithoutway isthay iticalcray epstay, you'llay eventuallyyay endyay upyay ivinglay inyay ayay ool'sfay aradisepay, erewhay youray attackeryay ashay okenbray youray iphercay agesyay agoyay andyay isyay uietlyqay ecryptingday allyay erhay interceptsyay ofyay youray essagesmay, ickeringsnay atyay youay. Estbay ofyay allyay, ere'sthay onlyyay oneyay ecretsay: ethay eykay. Andyay ithway ual-keyday yptocray ityay ecomesbay ayay otlay easieryay orfay Aliceyay andyay Obbay otay eepkay eirthay eyskay ecretsay omfray Arolcay, evenyay ifyay ey'vethay evernay etmay. Osay onglay asyay Aliceyay andyay Obbay ancay eepkay eirthay eyskay ecretsay, eythay ancay assumeyay atthay Arolcay on'tway aingay accessyay otay eirthay eartextclay essagesmay, evenyay oughthay eshay ashay accessyay otay ethay iphercay andyay ethay iphertextcay. Onvenientlycay enoughyay, ethay eyskay areyay ethay ortestshay andyay implestsay ofyay ethay ecretssay, ootay: encehay evenyay easieryay otay eepkay awayyay omfray Arolcay. Oorayhay orfay Obbay andyay Aliceyay. Ownay, et'slay applyyay isthay otay dRMay. Inyay dRMay, ethay attackeryay isyay *alsoyay ethay ecipientray*. It'syay otnay Aliceyay andyay Obbay andyay Arolcay, it'syay ustjay Aliceyay andyay Obbay. Aliceyay ellssay Obbay ayay dVDay. Eshay ellssay Obbay ayay dVDay ayerplay. Ethay dVDay ashay ayay oviemay onyay ityay -- aysay, Iratespay ofyay ethay Aribbeancay -- andyay it'syay encipheredyay ithway anyay algorithmyay alledcay cSSay -- Ontentcay Amblingscray Ystemsay. Ethay dVDay ayerplay ashay ayay cSSay un-scrambleryay. Ownay, et'slay aketay ockstay ofyay at'swhay ayay ecretsay erehay: ethay iphercay isyay ell-knownway. Ethay iphertextcay isyay ostmay assuredlyyay inyay enemyyay andshay, arrryay. Osay atwhay? Asyay onglay asyay ethay eykay isyay ecretsay omfray ethay attackeryay, e'reway oldengay. Utbay ere'sthay ethay ubray. Aliceyay antsway Obbay otay uybay Iratespay ofyay ethay Aribbeancay omfray erhay. Obbay illway onlyyay uybay Iratespay ofyay ethay Aribbeancay ifyay ehay ancay escrambleday ethay EncryptedcSS-ay OBVAY -- ideovay objectyay -- onyay ishay dVDay ayerplay. Otherwiseyay, ethay iscday isyay onlyyay usefulyay otay Obbay asyay ayay inks-coasterdray. Osay Aliceyay ashay otay ovidepray Obbay -- ethay attackeryay -- ithway ethay eykay, ethay iphercay andyay ethay iphertextcay. Ilarityhay ensuesyay. dRMay ystemssay areyay usuallyyay okenbray inyay inutesmay, ometimessay aysday. Arelyray, onthsmay. It'syay otnay ecausebay ethay eoplepay owhay inkthay emthay upyay areyay upidstay. It'syay otnay ecausebay ethay eoplepay owhay eakbray emthay areyay artsmay. It'syay otnay ecausebay ere'sthay ayay awflay inyay ethay algorithmsyay. Atyay ethay endyay ofyay ethay ayday, allyay dRMay ystemssay areshay ayay ommoncay ulnerabilityvay: eythay ovidepray eirthay attackersyay ithway iphertextcay, ethay iphercay andyay ethay eykay. Atyay isthay ointpay, ethay ecretsay isn'tyay ayay ecretsay anymoreyay. -- 2. dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay ocietysay Aiseray youray andhay ifyay you'reay inkingthay omethingsay ikelay, "Utbay dRMay oesn'tday avehay otay ebay oofpray againstyay artsmay attackersyay, onlyyay averageyay individualsyay! It'syay ikelay ayay eedbumpspay!" Utpay youray andhay ownday. Isthay isyay ayay allacyfay orfay otway easonsray: oneyay echnicaltay, andyay oneyay ocialsay. Ey'rethay othbay adbay orfay ocietysay, oughthay. Ere'shay ethay echnicaltay easonray: Iyay on'tday eednay otay ebay ayay ackercray otay eakbray youray dRMay. Iyay onlyyay eednay otay owknay owhay otay earchsay Ooglegay, oryay Azaakay, oryay anyyay ofyay ethay otheryay eneral- purposegay earchsay oolstay orfay ethay eartextclay atthay omeonesay artersmay anthay emay ashay extractedyay. Aiseray youray andhay ifyay you'reay inkingthay omethingsay ikelay, "Utbay nGSCBay ancay olvesay isthay oblempray: e'llway ocklay ethay ecretssay upyay onyay ethay ogiclay oardbay andyay oopgay ityay allyay upyay ithway epoxyyay." Utpay youray andhay ownday. Aiseray youray andhay ifyay you'reay ayay o-authorcay ofyay ethay Arknetday aperpay. Everyoneyay inyay ethay irstfay oupgray, eetmay ethay o-authorscay ofyay ethay Arknetday aperpay. Isthay isyay ayay aperpay atthay ayssay, amongyay otheryay ingsthay, atthay dRMay illway ailfay orfay isthay eryvay easonray. Utpay youray andshay ownday, uysgay. Ere'shay ethay ocialsay easonray atthay dRMay ailsfay: eepingkay anyay onesthay useryay onesthay isyay ikelay eepingkay ayay alltay useryay alltay. dRMay endorsvay elltay usyay atthay eirthay echnologytay isyay eantmay otay ebay oofpray againstyay averageyay usersyay, otnay organizedyay iminalcray angsgay ikelay ethay Ukranianyay iratespay owhay ampstay outyay illionsmay ofyay igh- qualityhay ounterfeitscay. It'syay otnay eantmay otay ebay oofpray againstyay ophisticatedsay ollegecay idskay. It'syay otnay eantmay otay ebay oofpray againstyay anyoneyay owhay owsknay owhay otay edityay erhay egistryray, oryay oldhay ownday ethay iftshay eykay atyay ethay ightray omentmay, oryay useyay ayay earchsay engineyay. Atyay ethay endyay ofyay ethay ayday, ethay useryay dRMay isyay eantmay otay efendday againstyay isyay ethay ostmay unsophisticatedyay andyay eastlay apablecay amongyay usyay. Ere'shay ayay uetray orystay aboutyay ayay useryay Iyay owknay owhay asway oppedstay ybay dRMay. E'sshay artsmay, ollegecay educatedyay, andyay owsknay othingnay aboutyay electronicsyay. Eshay ashay eethray idskay. Eshay ashay ayay dVDay inyay ethay ivinglay oomray andyay anyay oldyay vHSay eckday inyay ethay ids'kay ayroomplay. Oneyay ayday, eshay oughtbray omehay ethay Oytay Orystay dVDay orfay ethay idskay. At'sthay ayay ubstantialsay investmentyay, andyay ivengay ethay enerallygay am-smearedjay aracterchay ofyay everythingyay ethay idskay etgay eirthay awspay onyay, eshay ecidedday otay apetay ethay dVDay offyay otay vHSay andyay ivegay atthay otay ethay idskay -- atthay ayway eshay ouldcay akemay ayay eshfray vHSay opycay enwhay ethay irstfay oneyay entway outhsay. Eshay abledcay erhay dVDay intoyay erhay vHSay andyay essedpray ayplay onyay ethay dVDay andyay ecordray onyay ethay vCRay andyay aitedway. Eforebay Iyay ogay artherfay, Iyay antway usyay allyay otay opstay ayay omentmay andyay arvelmay atyay isthay. Erehay isyay omeonesay owhay isyay acticallypray echnophobictay, utbay owhay asway ableyay otay onstructcay ayay entalmay odelmay ofyay ufficientsay accuracyyay atthay eshay iguredfay outyay atthay eshay ouldcay onnectcay erhay ablescay inyay ethay ightray orderyay andyay ubday erhay igitalday iscday offyay otay analogyay apetay. Iyay imagineyay atthay everyoneyay inyay isthay oomray isyay ethay ont-linefray echtay upportsay orfay omeonesay inyay erhay oryay ishay amilyfay: ouldn'tway ityay ebay eatgray ifyay allyay ouryay on-geeknay iendsfray andyay elativesray ereway isthay everclay andyay imaginativeyay? Iyay alsoyay antway otay ointpay outyay atthay isthay isyay ethay overbialpray onesthay useryay. E'sshay otnay akingmay ayay opycay orfay ethay extnay oorday eighborsnay. E'sshay otnay akingmay ayay opycay andyay ellingsay ityay onyay ayay anketblay onyay Analcay Eetstray. E'sshay otnay ippingray ityay otay erhay ard-drivehay, IvXday encodingyay ityay andyay uttingpay ityay inyay erhay Azaakay arepointshay. E'sshay oingday omethingsay *onesthay* -- ovingmay ityay omfray oneyay ormatfay otay anotheryay. E'sshay omehay apingtay. Exceptyay eshay ailsfay. Ere'sthay ayay dRMay ystemsay alledcay Acrovisionmay embeddedyay -- ybay awlay -- inyay everyyay vHSay atthay essesmay ithway ethay erticalvay ankingblay intervalyay inyay ethay ignalsay andyay ausescay anyyay apetay ademay inyay isthay ashionfay otay ailfay. Acrovisionmay ancay ebay efeatedday orfay aboutyay $10 ithway ayay adgetgay eadilyray availableyay onyay eBayyay. Utbay ouryay infringeryay oesn'tday owknay atthay. E'sshay "onesthay." Echnicallytay unsophisticatedyay. Otnay upidstay, indmay youay -- ustjay aivenay. Ethay Arknetday aperpay addressesyay isthay ossibilitypay: ityay evenyay edictspray atwhay isthay ersonpay illway oday inyay ethay onglay unray: e'llshay indfay outyay aboutyay Azaakay andyay ethay extnay imetay eshay antsway otay etgay ayay oviemay orfay ethay idskay, e'llshay ownloadday ityay omfray ethay etnay andyay urnbay ityay orfay emthay. Inyay orderyay otay elayday atthay ayday orfay asyay onglay asyay ossiblepay, ouryay awmakerslay andyay igbay ightsholderray interestsyay avehay omecay upyay ithway ayay isastrousday olicypay alledcay anticircumventionyay. Ere'shay owhay anticircumventionyay orksway: ifyay youay utpay ayay ocklay -- anyay accessyay ontrolcay -- aroundyay ayay opyrightedcay orkway, ityay isyay illegalyay otay eakbray atthay ocklay. It'syay illegalyay otay akemay ayay ooltay atthay eaksbray atthay ocklay. It'syay illegalyay otay elltay omeonesay owhay otay akemay atthay ooltay. Oneyay ourtcay evenyay eldhay ityay illegalyay otay elltay omeonesay erewhay eshay ancay indfay outyay owhay otay akemay atthay ooltay. Ememberray Eier'sschnay Awlay? Anyoneyay ancay omecay upyay ithway ayay ecuritysay ystemsay osay everclay atthay ehay an'tcay eesay itsyay awsflay. Ethay onlyyay ayway otay indfay ethay awsflay inyay ecuritysay isyay otay iscloseday ethay ystem'ssay orkingsway andyay inviteyay ublicpay eedbackfay. Utbay ownay eway ivelay inyay ayay orldway erewhay anyyay iphercay usedyay otay encefay offyay ayay opyrightedcay orkway isyay off-limitsyay otay atthay indkay ofyay eedbackfay. At'sthay omethingsay atthay ayay Incetonpray engineeringyay ofpray amednay Edyay Eltenfay andyay ishay eamtay iscoveredday enwhay ehay ubmittedsay ayay aperpay otay anyay academicyay onferencecay onyay ethay ailingsfay inyay ethay Ecuresay Igitalday Usicmay Initiativeyay, ayay atermarkingway emeschay oposedpray ybay ethay ecordingray industryyay. Ethay IAARAY espondedray ybay eateningthray otay uesay ishay assyay ifyay ehay iedtray ityay. Eway oughtfay emthay ecausebay Edyay isyay ethay indkay ofyay ientclay atthay impactyay itigatorslay ovelay: unimpeachableyay andyay ean-cutclay andyay ethay IAARAY oldedfay. Uckylay Edyay. Aybemay ethay extnay uygay isn'tyay osay uckylay. Attermay ofyay actfay, ethay extnay uygay asn'tway. Itrydmay Yarovsklay isyay ayay Ussianray ogrammerpray owhay avegay ayay alktay atyay ayay ackerhay oncay inyay Egasvay onyay ethay ailingsfay inyay Adobe'syay e-bookyay ockslay. Ethay IFBAY ewthray imhay inyay ethay amslay orfay 30 aysday. Ehay oppedcay ayay eaplay, entway omehay otay Ussiaray, andyay ethay Ussianray equivalentyay ofyay ethay Atestay Epartmentday issuedyay ayay anketblay arningway otay itsyay esearchersray otay aystay awayyay omfray Americanyay onferencescay, incesay e'dway apparentlyyay urnedtay intoyay ethay indkay ofyay ountrycay erewhay ertaincay equationsyay areyay illegalyay. Anticircumventionyay isyay ayay owerfulpay ooltay orfay eoplepay owhay antway otay excludeyay ompetitorscay. Ifyay youay aimclay atthay youray arcay engineyay irmwarefay isyay ayay "opyrightedcay orkway," youay ancay uesay anyoneyay owhay akesmay ayay ooltay orfay interfacingyay ithway ityay. At'sthay otnay ustjay adbay ewsnay orfay echanicsmay -- inkthay ofyay ethay otroddershay owhay antway otay ipchay eirthay arscay otay eaktway ethay erformancepay ettingssay. Eway avehay ompaniescay ikelay Exmarklay aimingclay atthay eirthay interpray artridgescay ontaincay opyrightedcay orksway -- oftwaresay atthay ipstray anyay "Iyay amyay emptyyay" agflay enwhay ethay onertay unsray outyay, andyay avehay uedsay ayay ompetitorcay owhay ademay ayay emanufacturedray artridgecay atthay esetray ethay agflay. Evenyay arage-doorgay openeryay ompaniescay avehay ottengay inyay onyay ethay actyay, aimingclay atthay eirthay eceivers'ray irmwarefay areyay opyrightedcay orksway. Opyrightedcay arscay, intpray artscay andyay arage-doorgay openersyay: at'swhay extnay, opyrightedcay ight- fixtureslay? Evenyay inyay ethay ontextcay ofyay egitimatelay -- excuseyay emay, "aditionaltray" -- opyrightedcay orksway ikelay oviesmay onyay dVDsay, anticircumventionyay isyay adbay ewsnay. Opyrightcay isyay ayay elicateday alancebay. Ityay ivesgay eatorscray andyay eirthay assigneesyay omesay ightsray, utbay ityay alsoyay eservesray omesay ightsray otay ethay ublicpay. Orfay exampleyay, anyay authoryay ashay onay ightray otay ohibitpray anyoneyay omfray anscodingtray ishay ooksbay intoyay assistiveyay ormatsfay orfay ethay indblay. Oremay importantlyyay, oughthay, ayay eatorcray ashay ayay eryvay imitedlay aysay overyay atwhay youay ancay oday onceyay youay awfullylay acquireyay erhay orksway. Ifyay Iyay uybay youray ookbay, youray aintingpay, oryay youray dVDay, ityay elongsbay otay emay. It'syay ymay opertypray. Otnay ymay "intellectualyay opertypray" -- ayay ackywhay indkay ofyay eudo-propertypsay at'sthay iss- cheesedsway ithway exceptionsyay, easementsyay andyay imitationslay -- utbay ealray, o-foolingnay, actualyay angibletay *opertypray* -- ethay indkay ofyay ingthay atthay ourtscay avehay eenbay anagingmay oughthray opertypray awlay orfay enturiescay. Utbay anticirumventionyay etslay ightsholdersray inventyay ewnay andyay excitingyay opyrightscay orfay emselvesthay -- otay itewray ivatepray awslay ithoutway accountabilityyay oryay eliberationday -- atthay expropriateyay youray interestyay inyay youray ysicalphay opertypray otay eirthay avorfay. Egion- codedray dVDsay areyay anyay exampleyay ofyay isthay: ere'sthay onay opyrightcay erehay oryay inyay anywhereyay Iyay owknay ofyay atthay ayssay atthay anyay authoryay ouldshay ebay ableyay otay ontrolcay erewhay youay enjoyyay erhay eativecray orksway, onceyay you'veay aidpay orfay emthay. Iyay ancay uybay ayay ookbay andyay owthray ityay inyay ymay agbay andyay aketay ityay anywhereyay omfray Orontotay otay Imbuktutay, andyay eadray ityay ereverwhay Iyay amyay: Iyay ancay evenyay uybay ooksbay inyay Americayay andyay ingbray emthay otay ethay UKyay, erewhay ethay authoryay aymay avehay anyay exclusiveyay istributionday ealday ithway ayay ocallay ublisherpay owhay ellssay emthay orfay oubleday ethay USyay elf-priceshay. Enwhay I'myay oneday ithway ityay, Iyay ancay ellsay ityay onyay oryay ivegay ityay awayyay inyay ethay UKyay. Opyrightcay awyerslay allcay isthay "Irstfay Alesay," utbay ityay aymay ebay implersay otay inkthay ofyay ityay asyay "Apitalismcay." Ethay eyskay otay ecryptday ayay dVDay areyay ontrolledcay ybay anyay orgyay alledcay ADVD-CCAY, andyay eythay avehay ayay unchbay ofyay icensinglay equirementsray orfay anyoneyay owhay etsgay ayay eykay omfray emthay. Amongyay esethay isyay omethingsay alledcay egion-codingray: ifyay youay uybay ayay dVDay inyay Ancefray, it'llyay avehay ayay agflay etsay atthay ayssay, "Iyay amyay ayay Europeanyay dVDay." Ingbray atthay dVDay otay Americayay andyay youray dVDay ayerplay illway omparecay ethay agflay otay itsyay istlay ofyay ermittedpay egionsray, andyay ifyay eythay on'tday atchmay, ityay illway elltay youay atthay it'syay otnay allowedyay otay ayplay youray iscday. Ememberray: erethay isyay onay opyrightcay atthay ayssay atthay anyay authoryay etsgay otay oday isthay. Enwhay eway otewray ethay opyrightcay atutesstay andyay antedgray authorsyay ethay ightray otay ontrolcay isplayday, erformancepay, uplicationday, erivativeday orksway, andyay osay orthfay, eway idn'tday eavelay outyay "eographygay" ybay accidentyay. Atthay asway on-purposeyay. Osay enwhay youray Enchfray dVDay on'tway ayplay inyay Americayay, at'sthay otnay ecausebay it'dyay ebay illegalyay otay oday osay: it'syay ecausebay ethay udiosstay avehay inventedyay ayay usiness-modelbay andyay enthay inventedyay ayay opyrightcay awlay otay oppray ityay upyay. Ethay dVDay isyay youray opertypray andyay osay isyay ethay dVDay ayerplay, utbay ifyay youay eakbray ethay egion-codingray onyay youray iscday, you'reay oinggay otay unray afoulyay ofyay anticircumventionyay. At'sthay atwhay appenedhay otay Onjay Ohansenjay, ayay Orweigannay eenagertay owhay antedway otay atchway Enchfray dVDsay onyay ishay Orweigannay dVDay ayerplay. Ehay andyay omesay alspay otewray omesay odecay otay eakbray ethay cSSay osay atthay ehay ouldcay oday osay. E'shay ayay antedway anmay erehay inyay Americayay; inyay Orwaynay ethay udiosstay utpay ethay ocallay uzzfay upyay otay ingingbray imhay upyay onyay argeschay ofyay *unlawfullyyay espassingtray uponyay ayay omputercay ystemsay.* Enwhay ishay efenseday askedyay, "Ichwhay omputercay ashay Onjay espassedtray uponyay?" ethay answeryay asway: "Ishay ownyay." Ishay o-foolingnay, ealray andyay ysicalphay opertypray ashay eenbay expropriatedyay ybay ethay eirdway, otionalnay, etaphoricalmay intellectualyay opertypray onyay ishay dVDay: dRMay onlyyay orksway ifyay youray ecordray ayerplay ecomesbay ethay opertypray ofyay omever'swhay ecordsray you'reay ayingplay. -- 3. dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay izbay Isthay isyay ethay orstway ofyay allyay ethay ideasyay embodiedyay ybay dRMay: atthay eoplepay owhay akemay ecord-playersray ouldshay ebay ableyay otay ecspay osewhay ecordsray youay ancay istenlay otay, andyay atthay eoplepay owhay akemay ecordsray ouldshay avehay ayay etovay overyay ethay esignday ofyay ecord- playersray. E'veway evernay adhay isthay inciplepray: inyay actfay, e'veway alwaysyay adhay ustjay ethay everseray. Inkthay aboutyay allyay ethay ingsthay atthay ancay ebay uggedplay intoyay ayay arallelpay oryay erialsay interfaceyay, ichwhay ereway evernay envisionedyay ybay eirthay inventorsyay. Ouryay ongstray economyyay andyay apidray innovationyay areyay yproductsbay ofyay ethay abilityyay ofyay anyoneyay otay akemay anythingyay atthay ugsplay intoyay anythingyay elseyay: omfray ethay O-beeflay electricyay azorray atthay apssnay ontoyay ethay endyay ofyay youray acuum-hosevay otay ethay octopusyay illingspay outyay ofyay youray ar'scay ashboardday ighterlay ocketsay, andardstay interfacesyay atthay anyoneyay ancay uildbay orfay areyay atwhay akesmay illionairesbay outyay ofyay erdsnay. Ethay ourtscay affirmyay isthay againyay andyay againyay. Ityay usedyay otay ebay illegalyay otay ugplay anythingyay atthay idn'tday omecay omfray ATyay&tay intoyay youray one-jackphay. Eythay aimedclay atthay isthay asway orfay ethay afetysay ofyay ethay etworknay, utbay eallyray ityay asway aboutyay oppingpray upyay isthay ittlelay enny-antepay acketray atthay ATyay&tay adhay inyay argingchay youay ayay entalray eefay orfay youray onephay untilyay you'day aidpay orfay ityay ayay ousandthay imestay overyay. Enwhay atthay anbay asway uckstray ownday, ityay eatedcray ethay arketmay orfay ird-partythay onephay equipmentyay, omfray alkingtay oveltynay onesphay otay answeringyay achinesmay otay ordlesscay andsetshay otay eadsetshay -- illionsbay ofyay ollarsday ofyay economicyay activityyay atthay adhay eenbay upressedsay ybay ethay osedclay interfaceyay. Otenay atthay ATyay&tay asway oneyay ofyay ethay igbay eneficiariesbay ofyay isthay: eythay *alsoyay* otgay intoyay ethay usinessbay ofyay akingmay one-kitphay. dRMay isyay ethay oftwaresay equivalentyay ofyay esethay osedclay ardwarehay interfacesyay. Obertray Oblescay isyay ayay Oftiesay owhay ashay anyay excellentyay ogblay, erewhay ehay otewray anyay essayyay aboutyay ethay estbay ayway otay otectpray youray investmentyay inyay ethay igitalday usicmay youay uybay. Ouldshay youay uybay Appleyay iTunesyay usicmay, oryay Icrosoftmay dRMay usicmay? Oblescay arguedyay atthay Icrosoft'smay usicmay asway ayay oundersay investmentyay, ecausebay Icrosoftmay ouldway avehay oremay ownstreamday icenseeslay orfay itsyay oprietarypray ormatfay andyay ereforethay you'day avehay ayay icherray ecosystemyay ofyay evicesday otay oosechay omfray enwhay youay ereway oppingshay orfay izmosgay otay ayplay youray irtualvay ecordsray onyay. Atwhay ayay eirdway ideayay: atthay eway ouldshay evaluateyay ouryay ecord- purchasesray onyay ethay asisbay ofyay ichwhay ecordingray ompanycay illway allowyay ethay eatestgray iversityday ofyay ecord-playersray otay ayplay itsyay iscsday! At'sthay ikelay ellingtay omeonesay otay uybay ethay Etamaxbay insteadyay ofyay ethay Edisonyay Inetoscopekay ecausebay Omasthay Edisonyay isyay ayay ankcray aboutyay icensinglay ishay atentspay; allyay ethay ilewhay ignoringyay ethay orld'sway elentlessray archmay otay ethay oremay openyay vHSay ormatfay. It'syay ayay adbay usinessbay. dVDay isyay ayay ormatfay erewhay ethay uygay owhay akesmay ethay ecordsray etsgay otay esignday ethay ecordray ayersplay. Askyay yourselfay: owhay uchmay innovationyay ashay erethay eenbay overyay ethay astpay ecadeday ofyay dVDay ayersplay? Ey'vethay ottengay eaperchay andyay allersmay, utbay erewhay areyay ethay eirdway andyay amazingyay ewnay arketsmay orfay dVDay atthay ereway openedyay upyay ybay ethay vCRay? Ere'sthay ayay ompanycay at'sthay anufacturingmay ethay orld'sway irstfay AsedhDD-bay dVDay ukeboxjay, ayay ingthay atthay oldshay 100 oviesmay, andyay ey'rethay argingchay *$27,000* orfay isthay ingthay. E'reway alkingtay aboutyay ayay ewfay ousandthay ollars'day orthway ofyay omponentscay -- allyay atthay otheryay ostcay isyay ethay ostcay ofyay anticompetitionyay. -- 4. dRMay ystemssay areyay adbay orfay artistsyay Utbay atwhay ofyay ethay artistyay? Ethay ardworkinghay ilmmakerfay, ethay ink- stainedyay ibblerscray, ethay eroin-curedhay eatherylay ock-starray? Eway oorpay obsslay ofyay ethay eativecray assclay areyay everyone'syay avoritefay oster- childrenpay erehay: ethay IAARAY andyay AAMPAY oldhay usyay upyay andyay aysay, "On'tway omeonesay easeplay inkthay ofyay ethay ildrenchay?" Ile-sharersfay aysay, "Yeahay, e'reway inkingthay aboutyay ethay artistsyay, utbay ethay abelslay areyay Ethay Anmay, owhay arescay atwhay appenshay otay youay?" Otay understandyay atwhay dRMay oesday otay artistsyay, youay eednay otay understandyay owhay opyrightcay andyay echnologytay interactyay. Opyrightcay isyay inherentlyyay echnologicaltay, incesay ethay ingsthay ityay addressesyay - - opyingcay, ansmittingtray, andyay osay onyay -- areyay inherentlyyay echnologicaltay. Ethay ianopay ollray asway ethay irstfay ystemsay orfay eaplychay opyingcay usicmay. Ityay asway inventedyay atyay ayay imetay enwhay ethay ominantday ormfay ofyay entertainmentyay inyay Americayay asway ettinggay ayay alentedtay ianistpay otay omecay intoyay youray ivinglay oomray andyay oundpay outyay omesay unestay ilewhay youay angsay alongyay. Ethay usicmay industryyay onsistedcay ostlymay ofyay eet-musicshay ublisherspay. Ethay ayerplay ianopay asway ayay igitalday ecordingray andyay aybackplay ystemsay. Iano-rollpay ompaniescay oughtbay eetshay usicmay andyay ippedray ethay otesnay intedpray onyay ityay intoyay 0say andyay 1say onyay ayay onglay ollray ofyay omputercay apetay, ichwhay eythay oldsay ybay ethay ousandsthay -- ethay undredshay ofyay ousandsthay -- ethay illionsmay. Eythay idday isthay ithoutway ayay enny'spay ompensationcay otay ethay ublisherspay. Eythay ereway igitalday usicmay iratespay. Arrrryay! Edictablypray, ethay omposerscay andyay usicmay ublisherspay entway utsonay. Ousasay owedshay upyay inyay Ongresscay otay aysay atthay: "Esethay alkingtay achinesmay areyay oinggay otay uinray ethay artisticyay evelopmentday ofyay usicmay inyay isthay ountrycay. Enwhay Iyay asway ayay oybay...inyay ontfray ofyay everyyay ousehay inyay ethay ummersay eveningsyay, youay ouldway indfay youngay eoplepay ogethertay ingingsay ethay ongssay ofyay ethay ayday oryay oldyay ongssay. Odaytay youay earhay esethay infernalyay achinesmay oinggay ightnay andyay ayday. Eway illway otnay avehay ayay ocalvay ordchay eftlay. Ethay ocalvay ordchay illway ebay eliminatedyay ybay ayay ocesspray ofyay evolutionyay, asyay asway ethay ailtay ofyay anmay enwhay ehay amecay omfray ethay apeyay." Ethay ublisherspay askedyay Ongresscay otay anbay ethay ianopay ollray andyay otay eatecray ayay awlay atthay aidsay atthay anyyay ewnay ystemsay orfay eproducingray usicmay ouldshay ebay ubjectsay otay ayay etovay omfray eirthay industryyay associationyay. Uckylay orfay usyay, Ongresscay ealizedray atwhay idesay ofyay eirthay eadbray adhay utterbay onyay ityay andyay ecidedday otnay otay iminalizecray ethay ominantday ormfay ofyay entertainmentyay inyay Americayay. Utbay erethay asway ethay oblempray ofyay ayingpay artistsyay. Ethay Onstitutioncay etssay outyay ethay urposepay ofyay Americanyay opyrightcay: otay omotepray ethay usefulyay artsyay andyay iencesscay. Ethay omposerscay adhay ayay ediblecray orystay atthay ey'dthay oday esslay omposingcay ifyay eythay eren'tway aidpay orfay ityay, osay Ongresscay eedednay ayay ixfay. Ere'shay atwhay eythay amecay upyay ithway: anyoneyay owhay aidpay ayay usicmay ublisherpay otway entscay ouldway avehay ethay ightray otay akemay oneyay ianopay ollray ofyay anyyay ongsay atthay ublisherpay ublishedpay. Ethay ublisherpay ouldn'tcay aysay onay, andyay onay oneyay adhay otay irehay ayay awyerlay atyay $200 anyay ourhay otay argueyay aboutyay etherwhay ethay aymentpay ouldshay ebay otway entscay oryay ayay ickelnay. Isthay ompulsorycay icenselay isyay illstay inyay aceplay odaytay: enwhay Oejay Ockercay ingssay "Ithway ayay Ittlelay Elphay omfray Ymay Iendsfray," ehay ayspay ayay ixedfay eefay otay ethay Eatles'bay ublisherpay andyay awayyay ehay oesgay -- evenyay ifyay Ingoray ateshay ethay ideayay. Ifyay youay everyay onderedway owhay Idsay Iciousvay alkedtay Ankayay intoyay ettinglay imhay etgay ayay ackcray atyay "Ymay Ayway," ellway, ownay youay owknay. Atthay ompulsorycay icenselay eatedcray ayay orldway erewhay ayay ousandthay imestay oremay oneymay asway ademay ybay ayay ousandthay imestay oremay eatorscray owhay ademay ayay ousandthay imestay oremay usicmay atthay eachedray ayay ousandthay imestay oremay eoplepay. Isthay orystay epeatsray itselfyay oughoutthray ethay echnologicaltay enturycay, everyyay entay oryay ifteenfay yearsay. Adioray asway enabledyay ybay ayay oluntaryvay anketblay icenselay -- ethay usicmay ompaniescay otgay ogethertay andyay askedyay orfay ayay onsentcay ecreeday osay atthay eythay ouldcay offeryay allyay eirthay usicmay orfay ayay atflay eefay. Ablecay tVay ooktay ayay ompulsorycay: ethay onlyyay ayway ablecay operatorsyay ouldcay etgay eirthay andshay onyay oadcastsbray asway otay iratepay emthay andyay oveshay emthay ownday ethay ireway, andyay Ongresscay awsay itfay otay egalizelay isthay acticepray atherray anthay ewscray aroundyay ithway eirthay onstituents'cay tVsay. Ometimessay, ethay ourtscay andyay Ongresscay ecidedday otay implysay aketay awayyay ayay opyrightcay -- at'sthay atwhay appenedhay ithway ethay vCRay. Enwhay Onysay oughtbray outyay ethay vCRay inyay 1976, ethay udiosstay adhay alreadyyay ecidedday atwhay ethay experienceyay ofyay atchingway ayay oviemay inyay youray ivinglay oomray ouldway ooklay ikelay: ey'dthay icensedlay outyay eirthay ogrammingpray orfay useyay onyay ayay achinemay alledcay ayay Iscovisionday, ichwhay ayedplay igbay IzedlP-say iscsday atthay ereway ead- onlyray. Oto-DRMpray. Ethay opyrightcay olarsschay ofyay ethay ayday idn'tday ivegay ethay vCRay eryvay oodgay oddsyay. Onysay arguedyay atthay eirthay oxbay allowedyay orfay ayay airfay useyay, ichwhay isyay efinedday asyay ayay useyay atthay ayay ourtcay ulesray isyay ayay efenseday againstyay infringementyay asedbay onyay ourfay actorsfay: etherwhay ethay useyay ansformstray ethay orkway intoyay omethingsay ewnay, ikelay ayay ollagecay; etherwhay ityay usesyay allyay oryay omesay ofyay ethay orkway; etherwhay ethay orkway isyay artisticyay oryay ainlymay actualfay; andyay etherwhay ethay useyay undercutsyay ethay eator'scray usiness-modelbay. Ethay Etamaxbay ailedfay onyay allyay ourfay ontsfray: enwhay youay ime- shiftedtay oryay uplicatedday ayay Ollywoodhay oviemay offyay ethay airyay, youay ademay ayay on-transformativenay useyay ofyay 100 ercentpay ofyay ayay eativecray orkway inyay ayay ayway atthay irectlyday undercutyay ethay Iscovisionday icensinglay eamstray. Ackjay Alentivay, ethay outhpiecemay orfay ethay otion-picturemay industryyay, oldtay Ongresscay inyay 1982 atthay ethay vCRay asway otay ethay Americanyay ilmfay industryyay "asyay ethay Ostonbay Anglerstray isyay otay ayay omanway omehay aloneyay." Utbay ethay Upremesay Ourtcay uledray againstyay Ollywoodhay inyay 1984, enwhay ityay eterminedday atthay anyyay eviceday apablecay ofyay ayay ubstantialsay on- infringingnay useyay asway egallay. Inyay otheryay ordsway, "Eway on'tday uybay isthay Ostonbay Anglerstray usinessbay: ifyay youray usinessbay odelmay an'tcay urvivesay ethay emergenceyay ofyay isthay eneral-purposegay ooltay, it'syay imetay otay etgay anotheryay usiness-modelbay oryay ogay okebray." Ollywoodhay oundfay anotheryay usinessbay odelmay, asyay ethay oadcastersbray adhay, asyay ethay Audevillevay artistsyay adhay, asyay ethay usicmay ublisherspay adhay, andyay eythay ademay oremay artyay atthay aidpay oremay artistsyay andyay eachedray ayay iderway audienceyay. Ere'sthay oneyay ingthay atthay everyyay ewnay artyay usiness-modelbay adhay inyay ommoncay: ityay embracedyay ethay ediummay ityay ivedlay inyay. Isthay isyay ethay overweeningyay aracteristicchay ofyay everyyay inglesay uccessfulsay ewnay ediummay: ityay isyay uetray otay itselfyay. Ethay Utherlay Iblebay idn'tday ucceedsay onyay ethay axesyay atthay ademay ayay and-copiedhay onkmay Iblebay aluablevay: eythay ereway uglyyay, eythay eren'tway inyay Urchchay Atinlay, eythay eren'tway eadray aloudyay ybay omeonesay owhay ouldcay interpretyay ityay orfay ishay aylay audienceyay, eythay idn'tday epresentray yearsay ofyay evoted-with-a-capital-Dday aborlay ybay omeonesay owhay adhay ivengay ishay ifelay overyay otay Odgay. Ethay ingthay atthay ademay ethay Utherlay Iblebay ayay uccesssay asway itsyay alabilityscay: ityay asway oremay opularpay ecausebay ityay asway oremay oliferatepray: allyay uccesssay actorsfay orfay ayay ewnay ediummay alepay esidebay itsyay ofligacypray. Ethay ostmay uccessfulsay organismsyay onyay earthyay areyay osethay atthay eproduceray ethay ostmay: ugsbay andyay acteriabay, ematodesnay andyay iriivay. Eproductionray isyay ethay estbay ofyay allyay urvivalsay ategiesstray. Ianopay ollsray idn'tday oundsay asyay oodgay asyay ethay usicmay ofyay ayay illedskay ianistpay: utbay eythay *aledscay etterbay*. Adioray ackedlay ethay ocialsay elementsyay ofyay ivelay erformancepay, utbay oremay eoplepay ouldcay uildbay ayay ystalcray etsay andyay etgay ityay aimedyay orrectlycay anthay ouldcay ackpay intoyay evenyay ethay argestlay Audevillevay ousehay. mPay3say on'tday omecay ithway inerlay otesnay, eythay aren'tyay oldsay otay youay ybay ayay ipper-than-thouhay ecordray orestay erkclay owhay ancay elphay youay akemay youray oicechay, adbay ipsray andyay uncatedtray ilesfay aboundyay: Iyay onceyay ownloadedday ayay elve-secondtway opycay ofyay "Eyhay Udejay" omfray ethay originalyay Apsternay. Yetay mPay3 isyay outcompetingyay ethay cDay. Iyay on'tday owknay atwhay otay oday ithway cDsay anymoreyay: Iyay etgay emthay, andyay ey'rethay ikelay ethay especiallyyay icenay armentgay agbay eythay ivegay youay atyay ethay ancyfay uitsay opshay: it'syay icenay andyay youay eelfay ikelay ayay oofgay orfay owingthray ityay outyay, utbay Istchray, owhay anymay ofyay esethay ingsthay ancay youay usefullyyay ownyay? Iyay ancay utpay entay ousandthay ongssay onyay ymay aptoplay, utbay ayay omparablecay ilepay ofyay iscsday, ithway inerlay otesnay andyay osay orthfay -- at'sthay ayay iabilitylay: it'syay ayay iecepay ofyay ymay onthlymay orage-lockerstay ostscay. Erehay areyay ethay otway ostmay importantyay ingsthay otay owknay aboutyay omputerscay andyay ethay Internetyay: 1. Ayay omputercay isyay ayay achinemay orfay earrangingray itsbay 2. Ethay Internetyay isyay ayay achinemay orfay ovingmay itsbay omfray oneyay aceplay otay anotheryay eryvay eaplychay andyay uicklyqay Anyyay ewnay ediummay atthay akestay oldhay onyay ethay Internetyay andyay ithway omputerscay illway embraceyay esethay otway actsfay, otnay egretray emthay. Ayay ewspapernay esspray isyay ayay achinemay orfay ittingspay outyay eapchay andyay earysmay ewsprintnay atyay eedspay: ifyay youay ytray otay akemay ityay outputyay inefay artyay ithoslay, you'llay etgay unkjay. Ifyay youay ytray otay akemay ityay outputyay ewspapersnay, you'llay etgay ethay asisbay orfay ayay eefray ocietysay. Andyay osay ityay isyay ithway ethay Internetyay. Atyay ethay eydayhay ofyay Apsternay, ecordray execsyay usedyay otay owshay upyay atyay onferencescay andyay elltay everyoneyay atthay Apsternay asway oomedday ecausebay onay oneyay antedway ossilylay ompressedcay mPay3say ithway onay inerlay otesnay andyay uncatedtray ilesfay andyay isspelledmay etadatamay. Odaytay eway earhay ebookyay ublisherspay elltay eachyay otheryay andyay anyoneyay o'llwhay istenlay atthay ethay arrierbay otay ebooksyay isyay eenscray esolutionray. It'syay ollocksbay, andyay osay isyay ethay olewhay ermonettesay aboutyay owhay icenay ayay ookbay ookslay onyay youray ookcasebay andyay owhay icenay ityay ellssmay andyay owhay easyyay ityay isyay otay ipslay intoyay ethay ubtay. Esethay areyay obviousyay andyay untrueyay ingsthay, ikelay ethay ideayay atthay adioray illway atchcay onyay onceyay eythay igurefay outyay owhay otay ellsay youay otdogshay uringday ethay intermissionyay, oryay atthay oviesmay illway eallyray ithay eirthay idestray enwhay eway ancay igurefay outyay owhay otay ingbray ethay actorsyay outyay orfay anyay encoreyay enwhay ethay ilm'sfay unray outyay. Oryay atthay atwhay ethay Otestantpray Eformationray eallyray eedsnay isyay Utherlay Iblesbay ithway acsimilefay illuminationyay inyay ethay arginmay andyay ayay ent-a-priestray otay eadray aloudyay omfray youray ersonalpay Ordway ofyay Odgay. Ewnay ediamay on'tday ucceedsay ecausebay ey'rethay ikelay ethay oldyay ediamay, onlyyay etterbay: eythay ucceedsay ecausebay ey'rethay orseway anthay ethay oldyay ediamay atyay ethay uffstay ethay oldyay ediamay isyay oodgay atyay, andyay etterbay atyay ethay uffstay ethay oldyay ediamay areyay adbay atyay. Ooksbay areyay oodgay atyay eingbay aperwhitepay, igh-resolutionhay, ow- infrastructurelay, eapchay andyay isposableday. Ebooksyay areyay oodgay atyay eingbay everywhereyay inyay ethay orldway atyay ethay amesay imetay orfay eefray inyay ayay ormfay atthay isyay osay alleablemay atthay youay ancay ustjay astebombpay ityay intoyay youray IMyay essionsay oryay urntay ityay intoyay ayay age-a-daypay ailingmay istlay. Ethay onlyyay eallyray uccessfulsay epublishingyay -- Iyay eanmay, undredshay ofyay ousandsthay, illionsmay ofyay opiescay istributedday andyay eadray -- isyay ethay ookwarezbay enescay, erewhay anned-and-OCR'dscay ooksbay areyay istributedday onyay ethay arknetday. Ethay onlyyay egitlay ublisherspay ithway anyyay uccesssay atyay epublishingyay areyay ethay onesyay osewhay ooksbay osscray ethay Internetyay ithoutway echnologicaltay etterfay: ublisherspay ikelay Aenbay Ooksbay andyay ymay ownyay, Ortay, owhay areyay akingmay omesay oryay allyay ofyay eirthay atalogscay availableyay inyay ASCIIyay andyay hTMLay andyay pDFay. Ethay ardware-dependenthay ebooksyay, ethay dRMay use-and-copy-restrictedyay ebooksyay, ey'rethay ateringcray. Alessay easuredmay inyay ethay enstay, ometimessay ethay undredshay. Iencescay ictionfay isyay ayay ichenay usinessbay, utbay enwhay you'reay ellingsay opiescay ybay ethay entay, at'sthay otnay evenyay ayay usinessbay, it'syay ayay obbyhay. Everyyay oneyay ofyay youay ashay eenbay idingray ayay urvecay erewhay youay eadray oremay andyay oremay ordsway offyay ofyay oremay andyay oremay eensscray everyyay ayday oughthray ostmay ofyay youray ofessionalpray areerscay. It'syay ero-sumzay: you'veay alsoyay eenbay eadingray ewerfay ordsway offyay ofyay ewerfay agespay asyay imetay entway ybay: ethay inosauricday executiveyay owhay intspray ishay emailyay andyay ictatesday ayay eplyray otay ishay ecretarysay isyay info-roadkillyay. Odaytay, atyay isthay eryvay econdsay, eoplepay eadray ordsway offyay ofyay eensscray orfay everyyay ourhay atthay eythay ancay indfay. Youray idskay arestay atyay eirthay Amegay Oysbay untilyay eirthay eyesyay allfay outyay. Euroteensyay ingray oorbellsday ithway eirthay ypertrophiedhay, ItchingsMS-tway umbsthay insteadyay ofyay eirthay indexyay ingersfay. Aperpay ooksbay areyay ethay ackagingpay atthay ooksbay omecay inyay. Eapchay inter-binderiespray ikelay ethay Internetyay Ookmobilebay atthay ancay oducepray ayay ullfay eedblay, ourfay olorcay, ossyglay overcay, intedpray inespay, erfect-boundpay ookbay inyay entay inutesmay orfay ayay ollarday areyay ethay uturefay ofyay aperpay ooksbay: enwhay youay eednay anyay instanceyay ofyay ayay aperpay ookbay, youay enerategay oneyay, oryay artpay ofyay oneyay, andyay itchpay ityay outyay enwhay you'reay oneday. Iyay andedlay atyay EA-TACSAY onyay Ondaymay andyay urnedbay ayay ouplecay cDsay omfray ymay usicmay ollectioncay otay istenlay otay inyay ethay entalray arcay. Enwhay Iyay opdray ethay arcay offyay, I'llyay eavelay emthay ehindbay. Owhay eedsnay 'emyay? Eneverwhay ayay ewnay echnologytay ashay isruptedday opyrightcay, e'veway angedchay opyrightcay. Opyrightcay isn'tyay anyay ethicalyay opositionpray, it'syay ayay utilitarianyay oneyay. Ere'sthay othingnay *oralmay* aboutyay ayingpay ayay omposercay uppencetay orfay ethay iano-rollpay ightsray, ere'sthay othingnay *immoralyay* aboutyay otnay ayingpay Ollywoodhay orfay ethay ightray otay ideotapevay ayay oviemay offyay youray tVay. Ey'rethay ustjay ethay estbay ayway ofyay alancingbay outyay osay atthay eople'spay ysicalphay opertypray ightsray inyay eirthay vCRsay andyay onographsphay areyay espectedray andyay osay atthay eatorscray etgay enoughyay ofyay ayay anglingday arrotcay otay ogay onyay akingmay owsshay andyay usicmay andyay ooksbay andyay aintingspay. Echnologytay atthay isruptsday opyrightcay oesday osay ecausebay ityay implifiessay andyay eapenschay eationcray, eproductionray andyay istributionday. Ethay existingyay opyrightcay usinessesbay exploityay inefficienciesyay inyay ethay oldyay oductionpray, eproductionray andyay istributionday ystemsay, andyay ey'llthay ebay eakenedway ybay ethay ewnay echnologytay. Utbay ewnay echnologytay alwaysyay ivesgay usyay oremay artyay ithway ayay iderway eachray: at'sthay atwhay echtay isyay *orfay*. Echtay ivesgay usyay iggerbay iespay atthay oremay artistsyay ancay etgay ayay itebay outyay ofyay. At'sthay eenbay acitlytay acknowledgedyay atyay everyyay agestay ofyay ethay opyfightcay incesay ethay ianopay ollray. Enwhay opyrightcay andyay echnologytay ollidecay, it'syay opyrightcay atthay angeschay. Ichwhay eansmay atthay oday'stay opyrightcay -- ethay ingthay atthay dRMay ominallynay opspray upyay -- idn'tday omecay ownday offyay ethay ountainmay onyay otway onestay abletstay. Ityay asway eatedcray inyay ivinglay emorymay otay accommodateyay ethay echnicaltay ealityray eatedcray ybay ethay inventorsyay ofyay ethay eviouspray enerationgay. Otay abandonyay inventionyay ownay obsray omorrow'stay artistsyay ofyay ethay ewnay usinessesbay andyay ewnay eachray andyay ewnay audiencesyay atthay ethay Internetyay andyay ethay pCay ancay ivegay emthay. -- 5. dRMay isyay ayay adbay usiness-movebay orfay mSFTay Enwhay Onysay oughtbray outyay ethay vCRay, ityay ademay ayay ecordray ayerplay atthay ouldcay ayplay Ollywood'shay ecordsray, evenyay ifyay Ollywoodhay idn'tday ikelay ethay ideayay. Ethay industriesyay atthay ewgray upyay onyay ethay ackbay ofyay ethay vCRay -- oviemay entalsray, omehay apingtay, amcorderscay, evenyay Arbay Itzvahmay ideographersvay -- ademay illionsbay orfay Onysay andyay itsyay ohortcay. Atthay asway oodgay usinessbay -- evenyay ifyay Onysay ostlay ethay Etamax- VHSbay ormatfay arsway, ethay oneymay onyay ethay orld-with-VCRsway abletay asway enoughyay otay akemay upyay orfay ityay. Utbay enthay Onysay acquiredyay ayay elativelyray inytay entertainmentyay ompanycay andyay ityay artedstay otay assivelymay ewscray upyay. Enwhay mPay3 olledray aroundyay andyay Ony'ssay alkmanway ustomerscay ereway amoringclay orfay ayay olid-statesay mPay3 ayerplay, Onysay etlay itsyay usicmay usiness- unitbay unray itsyay owshay: insteadyay ofyay akingmay ayay igh-capacityhay mPay3 alkmanway, Onysay ippedshay itsyay Usicmay Ipsclay, ow-capacitylay evicesday atthay ayedplay ain-damagedbray dRMay ormatsfay ikelay Ealray andyay OpenMGyay. Eythay entspay oodgay oneymay engineeringyay "eaturesfay" intoyay esethay evicesday atthay eptkay eirthay ustomerscay omfray eelyfray ovingmay eirthay usicmay ackbay andyay orthfay etweenbay eirthay evicesday. Ustomerscay ayedstay awayyay inyay ovesdray. Odaytay, Onysay isyay eadday inyay ethay aterway enwhay ityay omescay otay alkmenway. Ethay arketmay eaderslay areyay okypay Ingaporeansay outfitsyay ikelay Eativecray Abslay -- ethay indkay ofyay ompanycay atthay Onysay usedyay otay ushcray ikelay ayay ugbay, ackbay eforebay ityay otgay orgedbay ybay itsyay entertainmentyay unityay -- andyay pCay ompaniescay ikelay Appleyay. At'sthay ecausebay Onysay ippedshay ayay oductpray atthay erethay asway onay arketmay emandday orfay. Onay Onysay ustomercay okeway upyay oneyay orningmay andyay aidsay, "Amnday, Iyay ishway Onysay ouldway evoteday omesay expensiveyay engineeringyay effortyay inyay orderyay atthay Iyay aymay oday esslay ithway ymay usicmay." Esentedpray ithway anyay alternativeyay, Ony'ssay ustomerscay enthusiasticallyyay umpedjay ipshay. Ethay amesay ingthay appenedhay otay ayay otlay ofyay eoplepay Iyay owknay owhay usedyay otay ipray eirthay cDsay otay AWMAY. Youay uysgay oldsay emthay oftwaresay atthay oducedpray allersmay, etter-soundingbay ipsray atthay ethay mPay3 ippersray, utbay youay alsoyay ixedfay ityay osay atthay ethay ongssay youay ippedray ereway evice-lockedday otay eirthay pCsay. Atwhay atthay eantmay isyay atthay enwhay eythay ackedbay upyay eirthay usicmay otay anotheryay ard- drivehay andyay einstalledray eirthay OSyay (omethingsay atthay ethay ywarespay andyay alwaremay arsway ashay ademay oremay ommoncay anthay everyay), eythay iscoveredday atthay afteryay eythay estoredray eirthay usicmay atthay eythay ouldcay onay ongerlay ayplay ityay. Ethay ayerplay awsay ethay ewnay OSyay asyay ayay ifferentday achinemay, andyay ockedlay emthay outyay ofyay eirthay ownyay usicmay. Erethay isyay onay arketmay emandday orfay isthay "eaturefay." Onenay ofyay youray ustomerscay antway youay otay akemay expensiveyay odificationsmay otay youray oductspray atthay akemay ackingbay upyay andyay estoringray evenyay arderhay. Andyay erethay isyay onay omentmay enwhay youray ustomerscay illway ebay esslay orgivingfay anthay ethay omentmay atthay eythay areyay ecoveringray omfray atastrophiccay echnologytay ailuresfay. Iyay eakspay omfray experienceyay. Ecausebay Iyay uybay ayay ewnay Owerbookpay everyyay entay onthsmay, andyay ecausebay Iyay alwaysyay orderyay ethay ewnay odelsmay ethay ayday ey'rethay announcedyay, Iyay etgay ayay otlay ofyay emonslay omfray Appleyay. Atthay eansmay atthay Iyay ithay Apple'syay ee-iTunes- authorized-computersthray imitlay ettypray earlyyay onyay andyay oundfay yselfmay unableyay otay ayplay ethay undredshay ofyay ollars'day orthway ofyay iTunesyay ongssay I'dyay oughtbay ecausebay oneyay ofyay ymay authorizedyay achinesmay asway ayay emonlay atthay Appleyay adhay okenbray upyay orfay artspay, oneyay asway inyay ethay opshay ettinggay ixedfay ybay Appleyay, andyay oneyay asway ymay om'smay omputercay, 3,000 ilesmay awayyay inyay Orontotay. Ifyay Iyay adhay eenbay ayay esslay oodgay ustomercay orfay Apple'syay ardwarehay, Iyay ouldway avehay eenbay inefay. Ifyay Iyay adhay eenbay ayay esslay enthusiasticyay evangelistyay orfay Apple'syay oductspray -- ifyay Iyay adn'thay ownshay ymay ommay owhay iTunesyay Usicmay Orestay orkedway -- Iyay ouldway avehay eenbay inefay. Ifyay Iyay adn'thay oughtbay osay uchmay iTunesyay usicmay atthay urningbay ityay otay cDay andyay e-rippingray ityay andyay e- keyingray allyay ymay etadatamay asway ootay auntingday ayay asktay otay onsidercay, Iyay ouldway avehay eenbay inefay. Asyay ityay asway Appleyay ewardedray ymay usttray, evangelismyay andyay out-of- controlyay endingspay ybay eatingtray emay ikelay ayay ookcray andyay ockinglay emay outyay ofyay ymay ownyay usicmay, atyay ayay imetay enwhay ymay Owerbookpay asway inyay ethay opshay -- iyay.eyay., atyay ayay imetay enwhay Iyay asway ardlyhay isposedday otay eelfay aritablechay otay Appleyay. I'myay anyay edgeyay asecay erehay, utbay I'myay ayay *eadinglay edgeyay* asecay. Ifyay Appleyay ucceedssay inyay itsyay usinessbay ansplay, ityay illway onlyyay ebay ayay attermay ofyay imetay untilyay evenyay averageyay ustomerscay avehay upgradedyay enoughyay ardwarehay andyay oughtbay enoughyay usicmay otay endyay upyay erewhay Iyay amyay. Youay owknay atwhay Iyay ouldway otallytay uybay? Ayay ecordray ayerplay atthay etlay emay ayplay everybody'syay ecordsray. Ightray ownay, ethay osestclay Iyay ancay omecay otay atthay isyay anyay openyay ourcesay appyay alledcay vLCay, utbay it'syay unkyclay andyay uggybay andyay ityay idn'tday omecay e- installedpray onyay ymay omputercay. Onysay idn'tday akemay ayay Etamaxbay atthay onlyyay ayedplay ethay oviesmay atthay Ollywoodhay asway illingway otay ermitpay -- Ollywoodhay askedyay emthay otay oday ityay, eythay oposedpray anyay earlyyay, analogyay oadcastbray agflay atthay vCRsay ouldcay unthay orfay andyay espondray otay ybay isablingday ecordingray. Onysay ignoredyay emthay andyay ademay ethay oductpray eythay oughtthay eirthay ustomerscay antedway. I'myay ayay Icrosoftmay ustomercay. Ikelay illionsmay ofyay otheryay Icrosoftmay ustomerscay, Iyay antway ayay ayerplay atthay aysplay anythingyay Iyay owthray atyay ityay, andyay Iyay inkthay atthay youay areyay ustjay ethay ompanycay otay ivegay ityay otay emay. Yesay, isthay ouldway iolatevay opyrightcay awlay asyay ityay andsstay, utbay Icrosoftmay ashay eenbay akingmay oolstay ofyay iracypay atthay angechay opyrightcay awlay orfay ecadesday ownay. Outlookyay, Exchangeyay andyay mSNay areyay oolstay atthay abetyay idescaleway igitalday infringementyay. Oremay ignificantlysay, IISyay andyay youray achingcay oxiespray allyay akemay andyay ervesay opiescay ofyay ocumentsday ithoutway eirthay authors'yay onsentcay, omethingsay atthay, ifyay ityay isyay egallay odaytay, isyay onlyyay egallay ecausebay ompaniescay ikelay Icrosoftmay entway aheadyay andyay idday ityay andyay aredday awmakerslay otay osecutepray. Icrosoftmay oodstay upyay orfay itsyay ustomerscay andyay orfay ogresspray, andyay onway osay ecisivelyday atthay ostmay eoplepay evernay evenyay ealizedray atthay erethay asway ayay ightfay. Oday ityay againyay! Isthay isyay ayay ompanycay atthay ookslay ethay orld'sway oughestray, oughesttay anti-trustyay egulatorsray inyay ethay eyeyay andyay aughslay. Omparedcay otay anti-trustyay eoplepay, opyrightcay awmakerslay areyay antywaistspay. Youay ancay aketay emthay ithway youray armyay ehindbay youray ackbay. Inyay Ivasay Aidhyanathan'svay ookbay Ethay Anarchistyay inyay ethay Ibrarylay, ehay alkstay aboutyay ywhay ethay udiosstay areyay osay indblay otay eirthay ustomers'cay esiresday. It'syay ecausebay eoplepay ikelay youay andyay emay entspay ethay 80say andyay ethay 90say ellingtay emthay adbay iencescay ictionfay oriesstay aboutyay impossibleyay dRMay echnologytay atthay ouldway etlay emthay argechay ayay allsmay umsay ofyay oneymay everyyay imetay omeonesay ookedlay atyay ayay oviemay -- antway otay ast-forwardfay? Atthay eaturefay ostscay anotheryay ennypay. Ausingpay isyay otway entscay anyay ourhay. Ethay utemay uttonbay illway ostcay youay ayay uarterqay. Enwhay Akomay Analysisyay issuedyay eirthay eportray astlay onthmay advisingyay onephay ompaniescay otay opstay upportingsay Ymbiansay onesphay, eythay ereway ustjay itingwray ethay atestlay installmentyay inyay isthay orystay. 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Onysay idn'tday etgay ermissionpay. Eithernay ouldshay youay. Ogay uildbay ethay ecordray ayerplay atthay ancay ayplay everyone'syay ecordsray. Ecausebay ifyay youay on'tday oday ityay, omeonesay elseyay illway. eofyay